Fluoropolymer coated glass fibre for application in architecture, industry and manufacturing. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is typically applied by dip coating, whereby the glass fabric is drawn through a solution of PTFE and sintered. The proportion of PTFE in the finished product ranges from 20-60%, depending on the requirements of the application. While there is a drive to replace PFTE, it is very challenging in applications like this. For example, these PTFE-coated meshes are used as conveyor belts in the production of thermoplastics like thermoplastics polyurethane (TPU). There is currently no known alternative that offers the same non-stick performance and high-temperature durability.

Fluoropolymer coated glass fibre for application in architecture, industry and manufacturing. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is typically applied by dip coating, whereby the glass fabric is drawn through a solution of PTFE and sintered. The proportion of PTFE in the finished product ranges from 20-60%, depending on the requirements of the application. While there is a drive to replace PFTE, it is very challenging in applications like this. For example, these PTFE-coated meshes are used as conveyor belts in the production of thermoplastics like thermoplastics polyurethane (TPU). There is currently no known alternative that offers the same non-stick performance and high-temperature durability.

Apple HomePod Mini featuring a seamless knitted spacer textile speaker cover and injection moulded transparent plastic touch panel. In the development of the HomePod, a tubular spacer textile construction was developed to remove the need for an unsightly seam. Spacer textile is a highly breathable warp-knitted fabric consisting of two faces connected with filaments in the middle. The mesh acts as both an acoustically transparent cover for the speaker and cushion to protect the electronics within.

Air vase by Torafu Architects, 2010. Printed and die cut paper.

Spinks Springs micro spring held within pockets formed from warp knitted polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, spacer textile

Parmigiano Reggiano cheese mould in perforated stainless steel

Nelson Bubble Lamp, by George Nelson for Herman Miller, 1952, formed by spraying a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) mixed with a webbing agent (which causes the PVC to form filaments) onto a steel wire frame, and finished with a layer of pure PVC spray coating

Wütop DB 20 from Würth is an interior roof film, used in construction, that provides an airtight, vapour-permeable (diffusive), water barrier layer. It is a three layer construction made of up high density polyethylene (HDPE) printed film top layer, reinforcing mesh, and polypropylene (PP) fleece backing layer, welded together. It prevents saturation of the thermal insulation with moisture on the room side, helping to maintain the most efficient insulation values.

Polypropylene (PP) knitted fabric moulded with heat and pressure to form a permanent 3D structure

A shoe prototype design by Gruppo Meccaniche Luciani, 2015. The monolithic prototype was 3D printed using Stratasys PolyJet multi-material technology. Drops of photopolymer are jetted onto the build platform, then cured with UV lamps to bond layers. Support materials are dissolved or manually removed for the finished PolyJet model. Multiple different types of material can be printed simultaneously, ranging from rigid to flexible and transparent to opaque.

Seed of Love bag, designed by Ross Lovegrove for Tokyo Fiber Sensware exhibition, 2009, produced by Sakase Adtech (fabric) and Unitika (fibre). It is made from triaxial woven fabric consisting of heat-fused polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester fibre. The fibre is a core-sheath filament with a lower melting point polyester in the sheath. With heat, the sheath is melted and fused without affecting the core.

JBL Xtreme 4 portable speaker features a recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, mesh grille.

Digital printed woven polyester spacer fabric by Colortex using Kornit digital print technology.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, spacer fabric produced in a single Raschel warp knitting process, consisting of multi-filament faces separated by stiff mono-filament spacer yarns. This creates a highly breathable structure with very good stretch compression properties. It is used in a range of applications, from mattresses and upholstery to garments, footwear and electronics products.

Nike Flyknit produced with polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, 3D knitted to create a one-piece upper with varying density to provide the right balance of support and ventilation.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, spacer fabric produced in a single Raschel warp knitting process, consisting of multi-filament faces and stiff mono-filament spacer yarns

Cushioning made from spunbond polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester.

Multi-colour spacer textile automotive seat upholstery, manufacturing with Raschel warp knitting in polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, spacer fabric produced in a single Raschel warp knitting process, consisting of multi-filament faces separated by stiff mono-filament spacer yarns. This creates a highly breathable structure with very good stretch compression properties. It is used in a range of applications, from mattresses and upholstery to garments, footwear and electronics products.

Whistles woven polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, bag with knitted polyester mesh outer, screen printed white. Manufactured by Progress Packaging. Image Progress Packaging.

Perforated lightweight packaging paper. The die cut pattern means the paper, when stretched, becomes a 3D honeycomb structure, which helps protect packaged items.

Beosound A5, designed by GamFratesi for Bang & Olufsen, 2023, features an injection moulded PC/ABS speaker grill covered with dark-stained oak slats

Baux acoustic interior panel samples produced from shredded wood (wood wool) bonded with cement and water, coated with colour.

Interior clad with colour-coated Baux acoustic wood wool cement tiles. Image Baux.

Acoustic interior panels produced from shredded wood (wood wool) bonded with cement and water.

Acoustic interior panels produced from shredded wood (wood wool) bonded with cement and water.

Samples of machine-made Leavers lace, woven by Cluny Lace, UK.

Leavers lace, named after the weaving machine it is made on, consists of cotton yarns held together at regular intervals by nylon thread. The yarns move from side to side, to create decorate patterns in the structure of the fabric itself.

Embroidered cotton fabric with cutout eyelets.
Relevant materials
Cotton, Fibre

Net bag, by Laila Gohar for Hay, in recycled cotton
Relevant materials
Cotton, Recycled

Nelson Bubble Lamp, by George Nelson for Herman Miller, 1952, formed by spraying a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) mixed with a webbing agent (which causes the PVC to form filaments) onto a steel wire frame, and finished with a layer of pure PVC spray coating

The Silo in Copenhagen, by Cobe, completed 2017, features a galvanised steel facade hung on the original reinforced concrete structure of the industrial grain silo, mounted on large steel brackets. The prefabricated batch galvanised steel units, manufactured by Skandinaviska Glassystem, act as a climate shield and provide a dramatic appearance reflecting the surrounding light while forming the distinctive zinc patina. A steel with a specified minimum silicon content to achieve at least 100 microns of galvanised coating was used for the 3 mm thick facade plates. It was batch galvanised, as opposed to using pre-galvanised sheet, to avoid exposed steel edges after cutting which would corrode. It is estimated the galvanised steel will last 50 years and can be dismantled and re-galvanised to extend its life.

High-tensile steel wire retention netting, zinc-aluminium galvanised for corrosion protection

Cor-Ten steel expanded mesh cladding covering a carpark