Alloy steel

1-20 usd/kg

The properties of steel are transformed with the addition of alloys – such as chromium (Cr)...

Circularity potential
High
Strength
Very high
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
Very high
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Extreme
Explore material | See examples

Aluminium, Al

2.5-6 usd/kg

Aluminium is a versatile and lightweight metal used in a range of applications, from decorative a...

Circularity potential
High
Strength
High
Production energy
Very high
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
Very high
Density
High
Explore material | See examples

Aramid fibre, AF

15-80 usd/kg

Aramid is a very high performance material. There are two distinct groups: para-aramids are stron...

Circularity potential
Low
Strength
Extreme
Production energy
Extreme
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
High
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Ash, Fraxinus

2-4 usd/kg

Ash is prized for its lightness, strength and toughness – the Vikings considered it the ...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Bamboo, Bambusoideae

0.5-3 usd/kg

Bamboo is classified as a type of grass and its stem is converted into timber products, paper, fi...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
High
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Basalt

2-2.5 usd/kg

Basalt is a fine-grained igneous rock, formed from the rapid cooling of volcanic lava. It makes u...

Circularity potential
Medium
Strength
Extreme
Production energy
Low
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
High
Explore material | See examples

Beech, Fagus

1-2.5 usd/kg

Beech is a popular wood, and reasonably priced, for many interior and household applications due ...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Birch, Betula

2-5 usd/kg

Birch is a clean-looking light-coloured timber, with a uniform grain, that has been used in many ...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Low
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Borosilicate glass

3-5 usd/kg

The addition of just 5-15% of boron – in the form of diboron trioxide (B2O3) or boric acid,...

Circularity potential
Low
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Brick

1-2 usd/kg

Clay bricks, also called burnt clay, are the oldest structural man-made building material. They h...

Circularity potential
Medium
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Carbon fibre, CF

15-90 usd/kg

Carbon fibre (CF) is prized for its strength, stiffness and stability coupled with high resistanc...

Circularity potential
Low
Strength
Extreme
Production energy
Extreme
Stiffness
Extreme
Embodied CO2
Extreme
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Carbon steel

0.5-1.1 usd/kg

Steel is an immensely important material. Made up of iron (Fe) and 0.06-2% carbon (C), plain carb...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
High
Production energy
Low
Stiffness
Very high
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Extreme
Explore material | See examples

Cellulose fibre

1.5-5 usd/kg

Cellulose is a natural polymer that makes up the majority of plant cell walls and vegetable fibre...

Circularity potential
Medium
Strength
Very high
Production energy
High
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Cement & concrete

0.02-1.25 usd/kg

Concrete is a complex composite, which can contain all manner of material, including cement, plan...

Circularity potential
Ultra low
Strength
Low
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Ceramic

0.2-3 usd/kg

Pottery ceramics are made by forming clay, along with some fluxes and impurities, and firing at h...

Circularity potential
Ultra low
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Chestnut, Castanea

2-8 usd/kg

Chestnut is a durable hardwood that can survive outdoors, untreated. It has a distinctive brown h...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Low
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Coir, Coconut fibre

0.35 usd/kg

Coir is a short, coarse fibre extracted from the shell of coconuts. Copra, milk and desiccated co...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
High
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Copper alloys, Cu

2.25-7 usd/kg

Copper combines electrical and thermal conductivity with very good strength and stiffness. As a r...

Circularity potential
High
Strength
Very high
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
Very high
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Very high
Explore material | See examples

Cork, Quercus Suber L.

2 usd/kg

Cork has some impressive qualities, unmatched by manmade materials. Once dried, it is lightweight...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Ultra low
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Ultra low
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Ultra low
Explore material | See examples

Cowhide, Bovine

20-70 usd/kg

Tanned animal hides, once an essential part of our ancestors’ survival, have become a luxur...

Circularity potential
Low
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
Ultra low
Embodied CO2
Very high
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Epoxy, EP, Polyepoxide

10-85 usd/kg

Epoxy is a high performance thermosetting resin, which is the product of a one-way chemical react...

Circularity potential
Ultra low
Strength
Medium
Production energy
High
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
High
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Fungus, Mycelium

15-800 usd/kg

Fungi offers amazing potential for low carbon, circular, plastic free and animal free biomaterial...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Low
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Ultra low
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Ultra low
Explore material | See examples

Fur, Pelage

50-5000 usd/kg

Fur is a controversial material in that animals are farmed and killed for their skins (pelage). W...

Circularity potential
Low
Strength
Medium
Production energy
High
Stiffness
Ultra low
Embodied CO2
Extreme
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Glass ceramic

8-20 usd/kg

Glass ceramic is a family of materials that combines the benefits of both: they are formed like c...

Circularity potential
Ultra low
Strength
High
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
High
Explore material | See examples

Gold, Au

60000 usd/kg

Gold is revered for its properties: a combination of colour, corrosion resistance, weight and mal...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
High
Production energy
Extreme
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
Extreme
Density
Extreme
Explore material | See examples

Granite

7-30 usd/kg

Granite is an igneous rock (formed from magma) consisting mainly of silica (SiO2), feldspar and o...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
High
Explore material | See examples

Grass

0.1-2.5 usd/kg

The stems of many different types of grass, seagrass, rush, bulrush and sedge, are used to make f...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Hemp, Cannabis sativa L.

1-15 usd/kg

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is cultivated for its fibres, seed oil and woody stem. While the seeds are...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
High
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Iron, Fe

1.3-30 usd/kg

Iron is a valuable modern engineering material that, in the past, played an import role in the de...

Circularity potential
High
Strength
Very high
Production energy
High
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Extreme
Explore material | See examples

Jute fibre, Corchorus

0.4-1.5 usd/kg

Jute is a low cost and popular fibre, second only to cotton in terms of annual production. It yie...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Very high
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Larch, Larix

3.5-4.5 usd/kg

Larch is a softwood and member of the pine family. It is prized for its strength and durability, ...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
High
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Lignin bioplastic

5.5 usd/kg

Lignin leftover from paper making is the main component in a new class of innovation bio-based pl...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Lime

1.5-3 usd/kg

Lime is an ancient building material that continues to be used today, because it has many benefit...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Ultra low
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Ultra low
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Limestone, CaCO3

3-10 usd/kg

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is formed underw...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Maple, Acer

3-5 usd/kg

Maple is a hard timber prized for its light colour, high strength and shock resisting properties....

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
High
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Marble, CaCO3

10-35 usd/kg

Marble is a metamorphic rock, formed when limestone is exposed to high temperatures and pressures...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
High
Explore material | See examples

Natural rubber, NR

2-6 usd/kg

Natural rubber is a relatively low cost industrial material produced from the sap of the Pará rub...

Circularity potential
Ultra low
Strength
Medium
Production energy
High
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Nickel, Ni

7-45 usd/kg

Nickel is a bright silvery metal with outstanding corrosion resistance, chemical resistance and h...

Circularity potential
High
Strength
Very high
Production energy
Very high
Stiffness
Very high
Embodied CO2
Very high
Density
Extreme
Explore material | See examples

Oak, Quercus

3-5 usd/kg

Traditionally used in a wide range of applications – from toys to floors and boats to build...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Paper

0.5-1.5 usd/kg

Ranging from webs designed for printing at incredible speeds with precise surface quality to soft...

Circularity potential
Medium
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Pine, Pinus

2 usd/kg

Pine ranges from light brown heartwood to white sapwood, with conspicuous growth rings. It has mo...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Polycarbonate, PC

3.5-10 usd/kg

Polycarbonate (PC) is an important engineering plastic. It offers excellent transparency, toughne...

Circularity potential
Low
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Very high
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
High
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Polyethylene, PE

0.8-1.6 usd/kg

Polyethylene (PE) is a cheap and versatile plastic used in many everyday food contact application...

Circularity potential
High
Strength
Medium
Production energy
High
Stiffness
Ultra low
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Polypropylene, PP

1-2 usd/kg

A lightweight, low cost, widely recycled commodity plastic useful in packaging, textiles, automot...

Circularity potential
Medium
Strength
Medium
Production energy
High
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Polystyrene, PS

0.7-1.6 usd/kg

Polystyrene (PS) is a cheap plastic used for moulded packaging and disposables, as well as a rigi...

Circularity potential
Medium
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Very high
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Seaweed bioplastic

4.5-20 usd/kg

Bio-based plastics produced from seaweed have the potential to replace conventional plastics in m...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
High
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
High
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Silicone

3.2-13 usd/kg

Silicone rubber is inorganic and unique among the elastomers. Made up of polysiloxane (silicon-ox...

Circularity potential
Low
Strength
Low
Production energy
Very high
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
High
Density
Low
Explore material | See examples

Silk

50-65 usd/kg

Silk is a natural protein fibre produced by silkworms. Used for millennia, it is prized for its l...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Very high
Production energy
Extreme
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Extreme
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Soda lime glass

0.25-1 usd/kg

Soda lime is the most common type of glass, and is used in packaging, products, furniture and lig...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Low
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
Low
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Spruce, Picea

1.5-2 usd/kg

Spruce is a light coloured softwood, with little contrast between heartwood and sapwood. Unlike p...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Ultra low
Explore material | See examples

Stainless steel

4-20 usd/kg

Stainless steels have very good corrosion resistance compared to carbon steels, coupled with impr...

Circularity potential
High
Strength
Very high
Production energy
High
Stiffness
Very high
Embodied CO2
High
Density
Extreme
Explore material | See examples

Starch

2-5 usd/kg

Starch is a natural polymer, a polysaccharide which functions as a carbohydrate (sugar) store, fo...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
Ultra low
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Synthetic rubber

1.5-6 usd/kg

Synthetic rubbers are important engineering materials with properties that cross-over with silico...

Circularity potential
Ultra low
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Very high
Stiffness
Ultra low
Embodied CO2
High
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Technical ceramic

0.8-45 usd/kg

Technical ceramics, also called advanced ceramics, are a group of very hard, inert, and dimension...

Circularity potential
Ultra low
Strength
High
Production energy
Very high
Stiffness
Very high
Embodied CO2
High
Density
High
Explore material | See examples

Titanium, Ti

16-28 usd/kg

Named after the first Greek gods, the Titans, titanium is prized for its corrosion resistance, st...

Circularity potential
High
Strength
Very high
Production energy
Extreme
Stiffness
Very high
Embodied CO2
Very high
Density
High
Explore material | See examples

Polyester resin, UPR

0.8-3 usd/kg

Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) is a relatively low cost and durable thermosetting plastic made...

Circularity potential
Ultra low
Strength
Medium
Production energy
High
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Wool

8-25 usd/kg

Wool and hair are insulating and protective in nature. For millennia, these qualities have been t...

Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
High
Production energy
Very high
Stiffness
Low
Embodied CO2
Extreme
Density
Medium
Explore material | See examples

Zinc, Zn

2.5-4.5 usd/kg

Zinc is used mainly as protection for steel (galvanised or electroplated), in brass (copper alloy...

Circularity potential
Medium
Strength
High
Production energy
High
Stiffness
High
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
High
Explore material | See examples