Thermoformed Arkema Kepstan polyetherketoneketone (PEKK).

Cross-section through the detachable roof modules of the Ford Bronco. This part is made with a thermoformed thermoplastic outer layer, which is back-moulded with glass fibre and polyurethane resin (PUR), plus a Nomex honeycomb core for increased thickness (stiffness with minimal additional weight). It is manufactured by compression moulding, whereby the thermoformed polycarbonate (PC) is placed into the mould, onto which glass fibre and honeycomb are laid. A precise dose of PUR is applied by spraying on the layers and then the whole assembly is compressed in a mould and heated to cure.

Senoplast Senosan high impact acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) co-extruded with thermoplastic elastomer (TPE-TPS) and thermoformed into an automotive interior component. While the ABS provides impact strength and rigidity, the TPE contributes a tactile and durable surface.

Thermoformed meat packaging tray in black polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester. Black is used to make the meat look as good as possible. However, it is the most difficult colour to identify in recycling, with some sorting centres forced to separate it for incineration rather than recycling.

Thermoformed transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, food packaging tray.

Meat packaging tray thermoformed from 90% recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester, sheet

Etimex Purelay blister pack produced from a single polymer to ensure ease of recycling. This monomaterial polypropylene (PP) solution provides an alternative to the conventional polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blisters with aluminium push-through film. Image Etimex.

Cross-section through thermoformed (vacuum formed) polypropylene (PP) foam

Centre Pompidou, France, by Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano, completed in 1977, featuring a tubular steel exoskeleton, cast low alloy steel ‘gerberettes’ (visible 11 ton structure joining the floor trusses to the end columns) and curved polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), acrylic, glazed walkways.

Aircraft interior featuring pre-printed and pre-textured polyvinyl chloride-acrylic (PVC/PMMA) thermoformed panels

Gweilo light sculpture, by Partisans for Parachilna, is made by hot forming etched acrylic sheets by hand. The light is transmitted through the sheet from one edge, and emits as a glow from the cut grooves and edges due to phenomenon known as edge glow, or lit edge.

Aircraft interior featuring pre-textured polyvinyl chloride-acrylic (PVC/PMMA) thermoformed panels

Thermoformed consumer electronics packaging in polyethylene (PE).

Cross-section through a temporary floor panel, made by twin sheet thermoforming. Two sheets are formed simultaneously, one above the other, and then clamped together whilst still hot to form a strong, hollow, profile. In this case, the hollow core provides insulation - these floor panels are designed to be laid over ice rinks to provide a very sturdy and temporary surface.

Medical device housing manufactured with pressure-formed polycarbonate (PC) sheet, with debossed logo

Push Tab paper-based blister packaging by Syntegon and Huhtamaki, using FibreForm paper-based (75%) material. It provides an alternative to conventional blister packs made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and aluminium foil. The thermoforming technology developed by Syntegon enables the production of trays, pods, blister packs and pouches - many types of packaging previously not possible with paper. FibreForm can be used on its own, or laminated or coated to provide barrier properties and heat-sealing, for example. The coating provided by Huhtamaki provides barrier and sealing properties. With biodegradable plastics it is possible to maintain the compostability of the paper. Image Syntegon.

Thermformed paper-based sweet packaging made with FibreForm by Billerud. Produced with a modified type of kraft pulp, it is more formable than regular paper, and can be shaped into trays, blister packs and pouches. Image Billerud.

Tridas moulded paperboard packaging, hot-pressed with a laminated colour top layer. Image Tridas.

White consumer electronics packaging made with thermoformed pulp.

Moulded pulp shoe inserts, produced by thermoforming, which yields a thin wall section and high quality surfaces front and back. In this case, recycled fibre is used.

Electronics packaging made with coloured pulp, transfer moulded to improve surface finish and create a lighter wall section.

Coloured consumer electronics packaging made with thermoformed pulp, produced by Tridas. Image Tridas.

Electronics packaging made with coloured pulp, thermoformed to create a precise and lightweight insert with a high quality surface finish.

Moulded paper pulp packaging for transporting automotive parts, produced by Tridas using pulp thermoforming. Image Tridas.

Thermoformed acrylic capped acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS-PMMA), over-moulded on the backside with reaction injection moulded (RIM) polyurethane resin (PUR) for added stiffness. The ABS-PMMA provides a smooth, colourful, durable and UV-resistant outer layer

Off-highway vehicle body panels, vacuum formed in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and trimmed ready for assembly

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) co-extruded with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), acrylic, to provide a clear protective layer, and printed with carbon fibre composite graphic. The sheet is thermoformed (vacuum formed) into 3D shapes. These types of materials are used for transportation (bodywork, for example), off-highway, agricultural vehicles and product enclosures (electronics equipment, medical and safety).

Twin sheet thermoformed (vacuum formed) acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) ducting for automotive application.