Spruce

1.5-2 usd/kg
Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Ultra low
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Ultra low
Density
Ultra low

Spruce is a light coloured softwood, with little contrast between heartwood and sapwood. Unlike pine, it has almost no odour and the wood has a uniform, relatively knot-free appearance. It is used in light construction work, engineered wood (glulam and plywood), wood fibre products and pulp (paper making). General purpose timber is relatively inexpensive.

Spruce is prized for its superior acoustic properties. It has uniform properties and shrinks little after seasoning. These qualities are utilised in quarter-sawn soundboards for musical instruments, such as violin, cello and piano. The highest quality musical instruments are produced from spruce that has been specifically selected before felling and air dried for a decade or more. These are some of the most expensive timbers available.



There are several other species of spruce traded as spruce-pine-fir (SPF), along with other similar grades of pine and fir. Examples include black spruce (Picea mariana), red spruce (Picea rubens), white spruce (Picea glauca), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni), Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa).

These woods share physical and mechanical characteristics, and are used in the same applications as lightweight construction timber, wood fibre and paper pulp. They may be further distinguished by their origin, such as Eastern and Western in USA. In this case, Eastern types are slower grown and so tend to be a little stronger.

Blackboard is produced from strips of spruce-pine-fir (SPF) sandwiched between veneers, or other face material such as high pressure laminate (HPL) or medium density fibreboard (MDF). The advantages of this type of manufactured panel, compared to plywood, are that it is relatively lightweight, uses less adhesive, and can be fixed into on the sides as well as the face (plywood splits relatively easily if screws or nails are inserted into the edge). It is used as a low cost alternative to plywood in applications such as interiors (wardrobes, walls, panelling, storage, doors), furniture, shop fitting and transportation (train carriage partitions, recreation vehicles and lorry trailers). Thickness range from 16 to 50 mm. It is classed as either water boil proof (WBP) or boiling water proof (BWP), or moisture resistant (MR). It is painted, or the surface veneers are replaced, or supplemented, with medium density fibreboard (MDF), high pressure laminate (HPL) or decorative veneer to produce a finished product.


Design properties
Cost usd/kg
0.75-1.25
Embodied energy MJ/kg
0.7-0.9
Carbon footprint kgCO2e/kg
0.05-0.5
Density kg/m3
400-450
Tensile modulus GPa
9-16
Tensile strength MPa
1.7-70
Modulus of rupture MPa
60-70
Compressive strength MPa
30-35
Hardness Mohs
1
Janka hardness kN
1.6-2.2
Poissons ratio
0.25-0.39
Thermal expansion (µm/m)/ºC
4.5-5.6
Thermal conductivity W/mK
0.11
Temperature min-max °C
-200 to 150
Thermal
insulator
Electrical
insulator