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Pine
2 usd/kg
Pine ranges from light brown heartwood to white sapwood, with conspicuous growth rings. It has moderate strength and good machining properties – and a distinctive resinous smell when worked. It is a lightweight softwood that comes from evergreen coniferous tress. These trees can be fast growing, which makes them popular for timber plantations – although this can reduce the benefit to environment of these trees removing CO2 from the atmosphere. The wood is used in everything from construction (timber frame, non-structural, engineered wood, plywood, cladding, window frames, doors, interior panelling), through to furniture, wood fibre products and paper. They are vulnerable to decay and so are primarily used indoors. They are treated (pressure-impregnated) to make them rot resistant, but will not last as long as other more hardy species, such as larch, oak and chestnut. Pine tends to be a little stronger and more durable than spruce, which is used in many of the same applications. In Europe, they are differentiated as redwood (ER) and whitewood (EW), respectively.
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Sustainability concerns
Non-renewable ingredients
Raw material generates polluting by-products
Low circularity potential
Potentially toxic in use
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a structural lumber produced from wood cut into thin layers (rotary cut veneers) and bonded together with high strength adhesive. The majority of the layers run along the length of the wood’s profile, to optimise strength to weight, with just a few running perpendicular to provide some resistance to twisting. Veneer thickness is typically around 3 mm. LVL sheets and lumber range from 21-75 mm thick, 40 mm to 1.5 m wide, and up to 25 m long. Thicker parts are made possible by gluing multiple layers of LVL together (GLVL). A range of woods are suitable, but spruce and pine are the most popular as a result of their favourable balance of cost, weight and mechanical performance.
Applications include beams and headers, lintels, joists, rafters and ridge beams, truss chords, studs and columns, wall framework, portal frames and components for modular pre-fabricated roof, floor and wall elements. In addition, sheets (much like plywood), can be used in roof, floor and wall construction; doors and windows; and concrete formwork.