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Pine
2 usd/kg
Pine ranges from light brown heartwood to white sapwood, with conspicuous growth rings. It has moderate strength and good machining properties – and a distinctive resinous smell when worked. It is a lightweight softwood that comes from evergreen coniferous tress. These trees can be fast growing, which makes them popular for timber plantations – although this can reduce the benefit to environment of these trees removing CO2 from the atmosphere. The wood is used in everything from construction (timber frame, non-structural, engineered wood, plywood, cladding, window frames, doors, interior panelling), through to furniture, wood fibre products and paper. They are vulnerable to decay and so are primarily used indoors. They are treated (pressure-impregnated) to make them rot resistant, but will not last as long as other more hardy species, such as larch, oak and chestnut. Pine tends to be a little stronger and more durable than spruce, which is used in many of the same applications. In Europe, they are differentiated as redwood (ER) and whitewood (EW), respectively.
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Sustainability concerns
Non-renewable ingredients
Raw material generates polluting by-products
Low circularity potential
Potentially toxic in use
Glued laminated timber (glulam, also sometimes GLT) is a structural lumber produced from wood cut into uniform strips (lamella), finger jointed to make long lengths, and bonded together with high strength adhesive, which is typically melamine (MF). The thickness of the lamella is usually 45 mm. For curved or arched beams, the layers may be from 6 to 45 mm, depending on the requirements. And glulam is available in a range of dimensions, from 80 to 1,280 mm high, 80 to 280 wide, and over 40 m long.
It is used in home construction, multi-story buildings, agricultural and industrial facilities, recreation and sports centres. It is suitable for the roof structure as a visible component (all knots are sound knots and knotholes are patched), main beams with large spans, columns and floor structures. The bending strength of depends on the tensile strength of the layers (lamellae) and finger joints between the assembled lengths. Spruce is the most commonly used timber, but pine, Douglas fir and larch are also popular – all types of timber may be used.
In additional to straight beams with a constant cross section, it is possible to make tapered beams, curved beam and pre-cambered parallel beams, double tapered or pinched cambered beams, fish beams, trussed girders and free forms (curved profiles). The same as solid wood, it machines well and can be pre-cut to profiles before arriving on-site, such as to marry with rafter and purlin profiles, or for joints (rafter notch, stepped, tenon, dovetail, log house).
