Circularity potential
Very high
Strength
Medium
Production energy
Medium
Stiffness
Medium
Embodied CO2
Medium
Density
Medium

Lignin leftover from paper making is the main component in a new class of innovation bio-based plastics. Millions of tons of lignin are produced each year and typically incinerated to generate energy for the paper making process.

Lignin is the glue in plants, holding the cellulose fibres together, and giving wood its rigidity. The cellulose fibres provide the strength. During the paper making process the lignin is softened and broken down, such as into lignosulfonate (LS) or sulfonlted lignin (SL), which allows the fibres to be formed into paper. It is removed almost entirely from paper that must stay white (archival). Newsprint is made from thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP), which is cheap and efficient but does not fully remove the lignin. This is why it becomes yellow and brittle with time.

Developments in the refining and bleaching processes have made it possible to include more lignin in paper, making the processes more efficient. Even so, there remains an abundance of this natural polymer leftover.



Arboform produced by Tecnaro, also called liquid wood, is made up of around 30% lignosulfonate (LS), 60% fibre and around 10% polylactic acid (PLA) additives. While preparation is not quite the same as for conventional plastics, it can be injection moulded on regular thermoplastic forming machines.

Several natural materials are suitable for fibre reinforcement, including cellulose fibre from wood pulp, hemp and flax. Tensile strength ranges from 9.5-14.5 MPa with fibre content ranging from 30-60%. Bending strength is similarly affected, ranging from 25-39 MPa. Compared to polypropylene (PP), it is much stiffer, but not as strong in tension.

At the end of its life it can be treated like wood and burned, recycled or composted.


Design properties
Cost usd/kg
5.5
Embodied energy MJ/kg
30
Carbon footprint kgCO2e/kg
2.1
Density kg/m3
1400
Tensile modulus GPa
2-7
Tensile strength MPa
9.5-22
Charpy impact strength kJ/m2
2-5
Hardness Mohs
1
Thermal expansion (µm/m)/ºC
10-50
Melt temperature ºC
160
Thermal conductivity W/mK
0.38
Temperature min-max °C
-20 to 100
Thermal
insulator
Electrical
insulator